PLANTS BY CLADISTICS
We provide here a complete picture of our compiled plant notes taxonomically by cladistics, providing an easy-to-navigate index of my summary of plant materials and a clear roadmap of the scope of this work.
For those interested in the broad-strokes of plant symbolism and iconography, we direct you to the first three articles of the Prestigious Plants series:
DIVISIONS
There are two broad categories this research falls into:
- Moss, Lichen, and Fungi
- Tracheophytes (All vascular plants)
MOSS, LICHEN, AND FUNGI
We have no desire to attempt the confusing world of moss, lichen, and fungi taxonomy, so here is the limited set of fungi we have opted to include in our research. The world of plants demands too much of our attention already for us to justify branching out into the topic of these reagents with any great depth.
Moss is regarded in its entirety in a single article (not including vascular plants with “moss” in their name, like clubmosses and spikemosses), which it shares with lichen by habit.
There are two lichen genera we are willing to investigate:
- Lobaria
- Usnea
For convenience, these two lichen genera will be lumped together in a single article with mosses.
The fungi genera we set aside for our already stretched attention are:
- Amanita
- Claviceps (Ergot)
- Exidia (Fairy Butter)
- Ganoderma (Shelf Mushroom/Bracket Fugus)
- Hericum (Lion’s Mane)
- Inonotus (Chaga)
- Trametes (Turkey Tail)
- Truffle (Not a genus, but too influential not to include)
VASCULAR PLANTS
All vascular plants (or “higher plants”) fall into the division Tracheophytes, which covers the overwhelming majority of our plant research. These fall into two classes:
- Lycopodiopsida
- Euphyllophytes
LYCOPODIOPSIDA
The class of Lycopodiopsida are called clubmosses, firmosses, quillworts, and spikemosses. We regard four genera within this class as worth our time and attention:
- Lycopodiales
- Lycopodiaceae
- Huperzia (Firmoss/Fir Clubmoss/Gemma Firmoss)
- Lycopodium (Clubmoss/Firmoss)
- Isoetales
- Isoetaceae
- Isoetes (Quillwort)
- Selaginellales
- Selaginellaceae
- Selaginella (Spikemoss)
EUPHYLLOPHYTES
Euphyllophytes are an unranked clade of vascular plants characterized by possessing true leaves. They fall into two lineages:
- Polypodiopsida (Ferns)
- Spermatophytes (Seed-Bearing Plants)
POLYPODIOPSIDA
Ferns are a distinct group of primitive vascular plants characterized by their coiling growths that unfurl into fronds and their spore-based reproduction. Ferns, as a class, warrant their own article, as well as articles for:
- Equisetales
- Equisetaceae
- Equisetum (Horsetail)
- Ophioglossales
- Ophiogloddaceae
- Ophioglossum (Adder’s Tongue)
- Botrychium (Moonwort)
- Osmundales
- Osmundaceae
- Osmunda (Royal Fern)
- Polypodiales
SPERMATOPHYTES
Spermatophytes encompass all seed-bearing plants and are by far the most extensive and most culturally consequential lineage of plants. These fall into two clades:
- Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
- Gymnosperms (Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetophytes)
Angiosperms
Angiosperms are plants that bear flowers and fruit; their name is derived from the Greek for “vessel seed.” They are the most diverse group of land plants.
This lineage has been cladistically divided into:
- Basal Angiosperms
- Core Angiosperms
Basal Angiosperms
Basal angiosperms are a small lineage and can be quickly summarized into three relevant genera:
- Nymphaeales
- Nymphaeaceae
- Euryale (Gorgon Plant)
- Nuphar (Water Lily)
- Nymphaea (Water Lily)
Core Angiosperms
Three clades define core Angiosperms:
- Eudicots
- Magnoliids
- Monocots
EUDICOTS
Eudicots fall into two clades:
- Basal Eudicots
- Core Eudicots
BASAL EUDICOTS
Relevant to this project, basal eudicots have three orders, six families, and 24 genera:
- Buxales
- Buxaceae
- Buxus (Box Wood)
- Proteales
- Nelumbonaceae
- Nelumbo (Lotus)
- Platanaceae
- Platanus (Plane Tree)
- Ranunculales
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis (Barberry)
- Lardizabalaceae
- Akebia (Akebi)
- Decaisnea (Dead Man’s Fingers)
- Papaveraceae
- Chelidonium (Celandine)
- Fumaria (Fumitory)
- Glaucium (Horned Poppy)
- Lamprocapnos (Bleeding Heart)
- Meconopsis (Welsh Poppy)
- Papaver (Poppy)
- Ranunculaceae
- Aconitum (Wolfsbane)
- Adonis
- Anemone
- Aquilegia (Columbine)
- Clematis
- Consolida (Larkspur)
- Coptis (Goldthread)
- Delphinium (Larkspur)
- Ficaria (Fig Buttercup)
- Helleborus (Hellebore)
- Hepatica (Liverwort)
- Nigella (Love-in-a-Mist)
- Pulsatilla (Pasque Flower)
- Ranunculus (Buttercup)
CORE EUDICOTS
Core Eudicots fall into two lineages:
- Superasterids
- Superrosids
Superasterids
The superasterid lineage contains three heterogeneous orders, and the monophyletic clade the Asterids:
- Berberidopsidales (Native to the New World and Australia, therefore out of the scope of our research)
- Caryophyllales
- Amaranthaceae
- Achyranthes (Chaff Flower)
- Amaranthus (Amaranth)
- Bassia (Ragweed)
- Beta (Beet)
- Blitum (Goosefoot)
- Celosia (Cockscomb)
- Chenopodium (Goosefoot)
- Kali (Tumbleweed)
- Oxybasis (Goosefoot)
- Salicornia (Glasswort)
- Caryophyllaceae
- Arnearia (Sandwort)
- Dianthus (Carnation)
- Gypsophilia (Baby’s Breath)
- Rabelera (Greater Stitchwort)
- Silene (Campion/Catchfly)
- Spergula (Spurrey)
- Spergularia (Sand-Spurrey/Sea-Spurrey)
- Stellaria (Stitchwort)
- Viscaria
- Plumbaginaceae
- Acantholimon (Prickly Thrift)
- Armeria (Lady’s Cushion)
- Ceratostigma (Leadwort)
- Goniolimon (Statice)
- Limoniastrum
- Limonium (Caspia)
- Plumbago (Leadwort)
- Polygonaceae
- Bistorta (Bistort)
- Persicaria (Smartweed)
- Rheum (Rhubarb)
- Rumex (Sorrel/Dock)
- Portulacaceae
- Portulaca (Purslane)
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix (Tamarisk)
- Santantales
- Santalaceae
- Osyris (African Sandalwood)
- Santalum (Sandalwood)
- Viscum (Mistletoe)
- Asterids
Asterids
Asterid taxa include:
- Cornales
- Cornaceae
- Cornus (Dogwood)
- Hydraneaceae
- Hydrangea
- Philadelphus (Mock Orange)
- Ericales
- Balsaminaceae
- Impatiens (Balsam)
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros (Ebony/Persimmon)
- Ericaceae
- Arbutus
- Arctostaphylos (Bearberry)
- Calluna (Heather/Heath)
- Cassiope (Heather/Heath)
- Empetrum (Crowberry)
- Erica (Heather/Heath)
- Phyllodoce (Mountain Heath)
- Rhododendron
- Vaccinium (Bilberry)
- Polemoniaceae
- Polemonium (Jacob’s Ladder)
- Primulaceae
- Anagallis (Pimpernell)
- Cyclamen
- Lysimachia (Loosestrife)
- Primula (Primrose)
- Styracaceae
- Styrax
- Theaceae
- Camellia (Tea)
- Euasterids
- Campanulids
- Apiales
- Apiaceae/Umbelliferae
- Aegopodium (Bishop’s Weed)
- Ammi (False Bishop’s Weed)
- Anethum (Dill)
- Angelica
- Anthriscus (Chervil)
- Apium (Celery)
- Cicuta (Water Hemlock)
- Conium (Hemlock)
- Coriandrum (Coriander)
- Cryptotaenia (Honeywort)
- Cuminum (Cumin)
- Daucus
- Eryngium (Seal Holly)
- Ferula (Fennel)
- Foeniculum (Fennel)
- Heracleum (Cow Parsnip/Hogweed)
- Levisticum (Lovage)
- Ligusticum (Liqourice Root)
- Oenanthe (Water Dropwort)
- Opoponax
- Pastinaca (Parsnip)
- Petroselinum (Parsely)
- Pimpinella (Burnet-Saxifrage)
- Sanicula (Sanicle/Black Snakeroot)
- Araliaceae
- Hedera (Ivy)
- Panax (Ginseng)
- Aquifoliales
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex (Holly)
- Asterales
- Asteraceae/Compositae
- Achillea (Yarrow)
- Amberboa (Sweet Sultan)
- Anacyclus (Pellitory)
- Arctanthemum
- Arctium (Burdock)
- Arnica (Leopard’s Bane)
- Artemisia
- Aster
- Atractylodes
- Bellis (Daisy)
- Buphthalmum (Ox Eye)
- Calendula (Marigold)
- Carduus (Plumeless Thistle)
- Carlina (Carline Thistle)
- Carthamus (Distaff Thistle)
- Centaurea (Cornflower)
- Chamaeleon (Distaff Thistle)
- Chamaemelum (Chamomile)
- Chicorum (Chicory)
- Chrysanthemum
- Cirsium (Plume Thistle)
- Cnicus (St. Benedict’s Thistle)
- Crepis (Hawksbeard)
- Cynara (Artichoke)
- Doronicum (Leopard's Bane)
- Echinops (Globe Thistle)
- Eupatorium (Snakeroot)
- Glebionis (Daisy)
- Gnaphalium (Cudweed)
- Helichrysum (Cudweed)
- Hieracium (Hawkweed)
- Inula (Fleabane)
- Ismelia (Tricolor Daisy)
- Jacobaea (Ragwort)
- Lactuca (Lettuce)
- Leontopodium (Edelweiss)
- Leucanthemum (Daisy)
- Matricaria (Chamomile)
- Notobasis (Syrian Thistle)
- Omalotheca (Arctic Cudweed)
- Onopordum (Cottonthistle)
- Osteospermum (African Daisy)
- Pluchea (Fleabane)
- Pulicaria (Fleabane)
- Scolymus (Oyster Thistle)
- Senecio (Ragwort)
- Silybum (Milk Thistle)
- Solidago (Goldenrod)
- Sonchus (Sow Thistle)
- Tanacetum (Tansy)
- Taraxacum (Dandelion)
- Tephroseris (Field Fleawort)
- Tussilago (Coltsfoot)
- Xanthium (Clotbur)
- Calycanthaceae
- Calycanthus (Chinese Sweetshrub)
- Chimonanthus (Wintersweet)
- Campanulaceae
- Campanula (Bellflower)
- Favratia (Crimped Bellflower)
- Legousia (Venus’s Looking Glass)
- Lobelia
- Menyanthaceae
- Mentyanthes (Buckbean)
- Nymphoides (Floating Heart)
- Dipsacales
- Adoxaceae
- Adoxa (Moschatel)
- Sambucus (Elder)
- Viburnum
- Caprifoliaceae
- Dipsacus (Teasel)
- Lonicera (Honeysuckle)
- Nardostachys (Nard)
- Scabiosa (Scabious)
- Succisia (Devil’s Bit Scabious)
- Valerian
- Valerianella (Corn Salad)
- Lamiids
- Boraginales
- Boraginaceae
- Alkanna (Alkanet)
- Anchusa (Bugloss)
- Borago (Borage)
- Cerinthe (Honeywort)
- Cordia (Manjack)
- Cynoglossum (Hound’s Tongue)
- Echium
- Glandora
- Lappula (Stickseed)
- Lithodora (Stone Gift)
- Myosotis (Forget-Me-Not)
- Nonea (Monkswort)
- Omphalodes (Navelwort)
- Pentaglottis (Five Tongues)
- Pulmonaria (Lungwort)
- Symphytum (Comfrey)
- Helioptropiaceae
- Heliotropium (Heliotrope)
- Gentiales
- Apocynaceae
- Apocynum (Dogbane)
- Calotropis (Apple of Sodom)
- Cionura (Dogbane)
- Hoya (Waxflower)
- Nerium (Oleander)
- Tabernanthe (Iboga)
- Vinca (Periwinkle)
- Gentianaceae
- Gentiana (Gentian)
- Rubiaceae
- Asperula (Woodruff)
- Coffea (Coffee)
- Coryanthe (Yohimbe)
- Galium (Bedstraw)
- Gardenia
- Rubia (Madder)
- Lamiales
- Acanthaceae
- Acanthus (Spikeflower)
- Justicia
- Thunbergia
- Bignoniaceae
- Campsis (Trumpet Vine)
- Dolichandrone (Mangrove Trumpet Tree)
- Incarvillea (Chinese Trumpet Flower)
- Oroxylum (Indian Trumpet Flower)
- Lamiaceae/Labiatae
- Ajuga (Bugleweed)
- Ballota (Horehound)
- Betonica (Betony)
- Glechoma (Ground-Ivy)
- Hyssopus (Hyssop)
- Lamium (Dead-Nettle)
- Lavandula (Lavender)
- Leonurus (Motherwort)
- Lycopus (Bugleweed)
- Marrubium (Horehound)
- Melissa (Balm)
- Mentha (Mint)
- Ocimum (Basil)
- Origanum (Oregano)
- Pogostemon (Patchouli)
- Pseudodictamnus (Horehound)
- Salvia (Sage)
- Satureja (Savory)
- Scutellaria (Skullcap)
- Stachys (Betony)
- Teucrium (Germander)
- Thymus (Thyme)
- Volkameria
- Olaceae
- Chrysojasminum (Yellow Jasmine)
- Forsythia (Easter Tree)
- Jasminum (Jasmine)
- Fraxinus (Ash)
- Ligustrum (Privet)
- Olea (Olive)
- Syringa (Lilac)
- Orobanchaceae
- Euphrasia (Eyebright)
- Rehmannia (Chinese Foxglove)
- Paulowniaceae
- Paulownia (Dragoon Tree)
- Plantaginaceae
- Antirrhinum (Snapdragon)
- Cymbalaria (Toadflax)
- Digitalis (Foxglove)
- Globularia (Globe Daisy)
- Plantago (Plantain)
- Veronica (Speedwell)
- Scrophulariaceae
- Scrophularia (Figwort)
- Verbascum (Mullein)
- Verbenaceae
- Vebena (Vervain)
- Solanales
- Colvulvulaceae
- Convulvulus (Morning Glory)
- Cuscuta (Dodder)
- Ipomoea (Sweet Potato)
- Solanaceae
- Atropa (Belladonna)
- Datura
- Hyoscyamus (Henbane)
- Lycium (Wolfberry)
- Mandragora (Mandrake)
- Solanum (Eggplant/Woody Nightshade)
- Withania
Superrosids
Relevant to our research, Superrosids contain the order Saxifragales, and the Rosid clade, which is divided between the Vitales order and the Eurosid lineage:
- Saxifragales
- Crassulaceae
- Hylotelephium (Stonecrop)
- Rhodiola (Stonecrop)
- Sedum (Stonecrop)
- Sempervivum (Houseleek)
- Grossularicieae
- Ribes (Currant)
- Paeoniceae
- Paeonia (Peony)
- Saxifragaceae
- Saxifrage
- Rosids
- Vitales
- Vitaceae
- Vitis (Grape)
- Eurosids
Eurosids
Eurosids fall into two relevant lineages:
- Fabids
- Malvids
FABIDS
Fabids include the following orders:
- Celastrales
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus (Spindle Tree)
- Cucurbitales
- Begoniaceae
- Begonia
- Cucurbitaceae
- Bryonia (Bryony)
- Citrullus (Citron)
- Cucumis (Cucumber)
- Lagenaria (Calabash)
- Fabales
- Fabaceae
- Adenanthera (Coral Wood)
- Astragalus (Milkvetch)
- Bauhinia
- Butea (Dhak Tree)
- Ceratonia
- Cercis (Redbud)
- Cicer (Chickpea)
- Galega (Goat’s Rue)
- Glycine (Soy)
- Glycyrrhiza (Liquorice)
- Indigeofera (Indigo)
- Lathyrus (Peavine)
- Lotus (Birdsfoot Trefoil)
- Medicago (Medick)
- Mimosa
- Onobrychis (Sainfoins)
- Pisum (Pea)
- Pueraria (Kudzu)
- Senegalia (Acacia)
- Trifolium (Clover)
- Ulex (Furze)
- Vachellia (Acacia)
- Vicia (Lentil/Vetch)
- Vigna
- Wisteria
- Genisteae (Broom)
- Adenocarpus (Broom)
- Argyrocytisus (Moroccan Broom)
- Cytisus (Broom)
- Genista (Broom)
- Laburnum (Golden Chain)
- Lupinus (Bluebonnet)
- Spartium (Rush Broom)
- Polygalaceae
- Polygala (Milkwort)
- Fagales
- Betulaceae
- Alnus (Alder)
- Betula (Birch)
- Carpinus (Hornbeam)
- Corylus (Hazel)
- Fagaceae
- Castanea (Chestnut)
- Fagus (Beech)
- Lithocarpus (Stone Oak)
- Quercus (Oak)
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans (Walnut)
- Malpighiales
- Euphorbiaceae
- Chrozophora (Turnsole)
- Euphorbia (Spurge)
- Mercurialis (Mercury)
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum (St. John’s Wort)
- Linaceae
- Linum (Flax)
- Phyllanthaceae
- Phyllanthus (Myrobalan)
- Salicaceae
- Populus (Poplar)
- Salix (Willow)
- Violaceae
- Viola (Violet)
- Rosales
- Cannabaceae
- Cannabis
- Celtis (Hackberry)
- Humulus (Hop)
- Moraceae
- Afromorus (African Mulberry)
- Antiaris (Upas Tree)
- Ficus (Fig)
- Morus (Mulberry)
- Rhamnaceae
- Frangula (Alder Buckthorn)
- Paliurus (Christ’s Thorn)
- Rhamnus (Buckthorn)
- Ziziphus (Jujube)
- Rosaceae
- Alchemilla (Lady’s Mantle)
- Agrimonia (Agrimony)
- Comarum (Swamp Cinquefoil)
- Crataegus (Hawthorn)
- Cydonia (Quince)
- Filipendula (Dropwort)
- Fragaria (Strawberry)
- Malus (Apple)
- Mespilus (Medlar)
- Potentilla (Cinquefoil)
- Prunus (Almond, Apricot, Cherry, Nectarine, Peach, Plum)
- Pyracantha (Firethorn)
- Pyrus (Pear)
- Raphiolepis (Asian Hawthorn)
- Rosa (Rose)
- Rubus (Blackberry)
- Sorbus (Rowan/Mountain Ash)
- Spiraea (Meadowsweet)
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus (Elm)
- Urticaceae
- Soleirolia (Angel’s Tears)
- Urtica (Nettle)
MALVIDS
Malvids include the following orders:
- Brassicales
- Brassicaceae
- Alyssum (Madwort)
- Anastatica (Rose of Jericho)
- Arabidopsis (Rockcress)
- Arabis (Rockcress)
- Armorica (Horseradish)
- Barbarea (Winter Cress)
- Brassica (Cabbage, Mustard)
- Capsella (Peppergrass)
- Cardamine (Bittercress)
- Draba (Nailwort)
- Eruca (Arugula)
- Erysimum (Wallflower)
- Hesperis
- Iberis (Candytuft)
- Lepidium (Peppercress)
- Lunaria (Moonwort)
- Matthiola (Stock)
- Nasturtium
- Raphanus (Radish)
- Rorippa (Yellowcress)
- Sinapis (Senvy)
- Resedaceae
- Reseda (Mignonette)
- Crossosomatales
- Staphyleaceae
- Staphylea (Bladdernut)
- Geraniales
- Geraniaceae
- Geranium (Cranesbill)
- Melanthiaceae
- Veratrum (False Hellebore)
- Malvales
- Cistaceae
- Cistus (Rock Rose)
- Halimium (False Sun Rose)
- Helianthemum (Sun Rose)
- Dipterocarpaceae
- Shorea (Sal)
- Malvaceae
- Abelmoschus
- Alcea (Hollyhock)
- Althaea (Marsh Mallow)
- Corchorus (Jute)
- Gossypium (Cotton Plant)
- Hibiscus
- Malva (Mallow)
- Tilia (Linden)
- Thymelaeaceae
- Daphne
- Myrtales
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia (Bastard Myrobalan)
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstoemia (Crepe Myrtle)
- Lawsonia (Henna)
- Lythrum (Loosestrife)
- Punica (Pomegranate)
- Trapa (Water Caltrop)
- Myrtaceae
- Myrtus (Myrtle)
- Syzygium (Cloves)
- Onacraceae
- Chamaenerion (Willowherb)
- Circaea (Enchanter’s Nightshade)
- Epilobium (Spike Primrose)
- Sapindales
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera (Mango)
- Pistachia (Pistachio/Mastic)
- Sumac
- Toxicodendron
- Burseraceae
- Boswellia (Frankincense)
- Canarium
- Commiphora (Myrrh)
- Meliaceae
- Melia (Pride of China)
- Nitrariaceae
- Peganum (Syrian Rue)
- Rutaceae
- Citrus
- Dictamnus (White Dittany)
- Ruta (Rue)
- Sapindaceae
- Acer (Maple)
- Aesculus (Horse Chestnut)
MAGNOLIIDS
Magnolids fall into three orders:
- Laurales
- Lauraceae
- Camphora (Camphor)
- Cinnamomum (Cinnamon)
- Laurus (Bay/Laurel)
- Sassafras
- Vitex (Chaste Tree)
- Magnoliales
- Annonaceae
- Cananga (Ylang-Ylang)
- Magnoliaceae
- Liriodendron (Tulip Tree)
- Magnolia
- Myristicaceae
- Myristica (Nutmeg)
- Piperales
- Aristolochiaceae
- Aristolochia (Birthwort)
- Asarum (Hazelwort/Wild Ginger)
- Piperaceae
- Piper (Pepper)
MONOCOTS
Relevant to our research, Monocots include these clades and divisions:
- ALISMATID MONOCOTS
- Alismatales
- Aracaceae
- Arum
- Arisaema
- Calla (Calla Lily)
- Dracunculus (Dragonwort)
- Lemna (Duckweed)
- LILIOD MONOCOTS
- Liliales
- Colchicaceae
- Colchicum (Autumn Crocus)
- Gloriosa (Fire Lily)
- Liliaceae
- Fritillaria (Fritillary)
- Lilium (Lily)
- Tulipa (Wild Tulip)
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax
- Asparagales
- Amaryllidaceae
- Allium (Chives, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Scallion, Shallot)
- Amaryllis
- Galanthus (Snowdrop)
- Lycoris (Cluster Amaryllis)
- Narcissus (Daffodil)
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus
- Convallaria (Lily of the Valley)
- Dracaena (Dragon’s Blood)
- Hyacinthoides (Bluebell)
- Hyacinthus (Hyacinth)
- Muscari (Grape Hyacinth)
- Polygonatum (Solomon’s Seal)
- Asphodelaceae
- Aloe
- Asphodelus (Asphodel)
- Asphodeline
- Eremurus (Desert Candle)
- Hemerocallis (Day Lily)
- Iridaceae
- Crocus
- Gladiolus
- Iris
- Orchidaceae
- Cypripedioideae
- Cypripedium (Slipper Orchid)
- Paphiopedilum (Venus’s Slipper)
- Epipendroideae
- Arethuseae
- Bletilla (Urn Orchid)
- Coelogyne (Hollow-Woman Orchid)
- Pleione (Peacock Orchid)
- Collabieae
- Acanthophippium (Spiny-Saddle Orchid)
- Ancistrochilus (Hooklip Orchid)
- Calanthe (Christmas Orchid)
- Phaius (Swamp Orchid)
- Cymbidieae
- Cymbidiinae
- Cymbidium (Boat Orchid)
- Grammatophyllum (Queen of the Orchids)
- Eulophiinae
- Ansellia (Leopard Orchid)
- Eulophia (Corduroy Orchid)
- Dendrobiinae
- Bulbophyllum (Bulbleaf Orchid)
- Dendrobium (Tree of Life Orchid)
- Epidendreae
- Calypso (Calypso Orchid)
- Malaxideae
- Liparis (Widelip Orchid)
- Neottieae
- Epipactis (Helleborine)
- Vandeae
- Aeridinae
- Aerides (Cattail Orchid)
- Arachnis (Spider/Scorpion Orchid)
- Chiloschista (Starfish Orchid)
- Cleisostoma (Closed-Mouth Orchid)
- Phalaenopsis (Moth Orchid)
- Pomatocalpa (Bladder Orchid)
- Thrixspermum (Hairseed)
- Trichoglottis (Cherub Orchid)
- Vanda
- Angraecinae
- Aerangis (Air-Urn Orchid)
- Angraecum (Angrec Orchid)
- Orchidoideae
- Cranichideae
- Spiranthes (Lady’s Tress)
- Zeuxine (Verdant Jewel Orchid)
- Orchidinae
- Anacamptis (Ant Orchid)
- Bartholina (Spider Orchid)
- Dactylorhiza (Marsh Orchid)
- Gymnadenia (Fragrant Orchid)
- Himantoglossum (Lizard Orchid)
- Ophrys (Bee Orchid)
- Orchis (Orchid)
- Platanthera (Butterfly Orchid)
- Serapias (Tongue Orchid)
- Commelinids
- Arecales
- Arecaceae
- Areca (Palm)
- Phoenix (Date)
- Poales
- Cyperaceae
- Actinoscirpus (Bulrush)
- Carex (True Sedge)
- Cyperus (Sedge)
- Eriophorum (Cottongrass)
- Scirpus (Clubrush)
- Trichophorum (Deergrass)
- Juncaceae
- Rushes (Multi-genera)
- Poaceae
- Alopecurus (Foxtail Grass)
- Anthoxanthum (Vernal Grass)
- Arundo (Giant Cane)
- Avena (Oat)
- Bamboo (Multi-genera)
- Briza (Quaking Grass)
- Bromus (Brome Grass)
- Calamagrostis (Reedgrass)
- Elymus (Couch Grass)
- Glyceria (Sweetgrass)
- Hordeum (Barley)
- Lolium (Rye Grass)
- Neyraudia (Cane Grass)
- Oryza (Rice)
- Phalaris (Canary Grass)
- Phragmites (Reed)
- Saccharum (Sugar Cane)
- Triticum (Wheat)
- Typhaceae
- Sparganium (Bur-Reed)
- Typha (Bulrush)
- Zingiberales
- Zingiberaceae
- Alpinia (Shell Ginger)
- Amomum (Black Cardamom)
- Curcuma (Turmeric)
- Elettaria (Cardamom)
- Hedychuim (Ginger Lily)
- Zingiber (Ginger)
GYMNOSPERMS
“Gymnosperm” comes from the composite Greek for “naked seed,” in contrast to the ovule-enclosed angiosperms. These seeds form in scales on leaves, cones, or singularly (in the case of yew).
They do not have significant enough features to warrant a clade article, but their divisions are of great note, down to the genera:
- Pinophyta (Conifers)
- Pinales
- Cupressaceae
- Cupressus (Cypress)
- Juniperus (Juniper)
- Pinaceae
- Abies (Fir)
- Cedrus (Cedar)
- Cryptomeria (Japanese Cedar)
- Larix (Larch)
- Picea (Spruce)
- Pinus (Pine)
- Taxaceae
- Taxus (Yew)
- Ginkgoopsida
- Ginkgoales
- Ginkgoaceae
- Ginkgo
- Gnetophyta
- Ephedrales
- Ephedraceae
- Ephedra
* * * * * * *
See Also:
- Animal Index [Pending]
- Elements Index [Pending]
- Gemstone Index [Pending]
- Tools Index [Pending]
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