Plant Indices
- Alphabetical Index (Genera)
- Alphabetical Index (Vernacular)
- Cladistic Index
BRAKE AND MAIDENHAIR FERN
Family: Pteridaceae
The brake family includes two genera relevant to our research, which we have compiled into this single article for convenience: Adiantum, the maidenhair ferns, and Pteris, or brake.
Family: Pteridaceae
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| Adiantum aleuticum, western maidenhair. Own work -- Walter Siegmund. |
Names:
- Maidenhair Fern
- Adelaarsvaren [Dutch]
- Adianto [Portuguese]
- Avencão [Portuguese]
- Cabelo-De-Vênus [Portuguese]
- Capilera [Italian]
- Capillaire [French]
- Cheveux De Vénus [French]
- Culantrillo [Spanish]
- Falcia [Italian]
- Frauenhaar [German]
- Frauenhaarfarn [German]
- Hårfin Bräken [Swedish]
- Jungfruhår [Swedish]
- Junomähka [Estonian]
- Kapiliaras [Lithuanian]
- Karinz [Lingua Ignota]
- Neitsikarv [Estonian]
- Palha-De-Camelo [Portuguese]
- Pleumaňa [Czech]
- Rambut Venus [Indonesian]
- Rozuta [Polish]
- Spleenwort
- Venus Hair Fern
- Venushaar [German]
- Venushår [Danish/Norwegian]
- Vénus Haja [Hungarian]
- Vénusz Haja [Hungarian]
- Venusvare [Estonian]
- Walkingtail Fern
Distribution: Cosmopolitan
Symbolism
The name means “unwetted” in
Greek, as this plant can shed water without becoming wet. It gets the name
“maidenhair” because its stalks are thin and black.
In modern flower language, maidenhair fern is associated with discretion (presumably from a maiden’s modesty) and secrecy (presumably from the maiden’s hair masking and preserving that modesty).
Roux associates this plant with secrecy, which is likely the overlap between the meaning of “discretion” with its magical associations.
Magic
Maidenhair fern is a “female” fern of
magic (sharing these associations with genus Athyrium), as opposed to
the “male” wood fern, genus Dryopteris.
The hydrophobic nature of this plant plays into the name “Venus’s hair,” as Venus’s hair was dry and kempt when she first rose from the sea. In some interpretations of Venus, her hair is actually composed of these ferns.
Despite being named for Venus, this plant was dedicated to Pluto and Proserpina for reasons Skinner confesses he cannot fathom. This is likely in reference to Proserpina’s maiden status when her future husband, Pluto, kidnapped her.
By this underworld association’s possible importation into England, Skinner posits, the plant came to be associated with witchcraft, sorcery, and all manner of magical mischief.
Compiler Notes
- Through the shared name of “Venus’s hair,” this plant has an association with rutilated quartz that is worth exploiting.
- Underworld associations, exploit. These could be related to the relationship to the rutilated quartz of the same name.
- It could be used in a sailor’s amulet. The plant is hydrophobic, repelling water. This is apotropaic by sympathy because if Venus’s hair is dry, then the sailor’s hair is dry (as in, he is not drowning).
- As the male fern repels sorcery and the evil eye but attracts snakes, it would stand to reason that the maidenhair fern assists rather than abjures magic while repelling snakes.
- As “spleenwort” ties to archaic notions of the spleen as a stand-in for anger, irritability, and melancholy. A spleenwort might be used to treat emotional instability or to induce it in a curse. Good reagent for an offensive rage spell in a game like Dungeons & Dragons.
Image Refs
[Img 01 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adiantum_pedatum_09905.JPG ]
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| Adiantum aethiopicum growing on Hawkesbury Sandstone at Chatswood West. Own Work -- Poyt448 Peter Woodard. |
Names:
- Common Maidenhair Fern
- African Maidenhair Fern
- Black Maidenhair Fern
- Culandrillo De Pozo [Spanish]
- Donga [Xhosa]
- Ink Fern
- Kowhai Kowhai [Maori]
- Maidenhair
- Nzinziniba [Xhosa]
- Rough Maidenhair Fern
- Skadublaar [Afrikaans]
- Southern Maidenhair Fern
- Thang Po Zi [Chinese]
Distribution:
- Africa, Central: Cameroon, Congo
- Africa, Eastern: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
- Africa, Southern: Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, South Africa
- Africa, Western: Nigeria
- Oceania: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Caledonia, New Zealand (New Zealand North, New Zealand South), Norfolk Island
Physical Description
Grows in spreading clumps of
fronds about 10-45 cm (4-18 in) in height.
Linnaeus first described it in 1759, using “aethiopicum” to refer to Africa south of Egypt.
Medical
We are not a medical website; do not take health advice from us.
It has astringent and emetic properties. The Useful Native Plants of Australia (1889) claimed that the plant was used in Europe as a demulcent (treating inflammation of the mucous membranes) and “employed in diseases of the chest.”
Compiler Notes
- The fantasy writer should exploit this plant’s relationship to Africa. Suppose your Medieval fantasy setting employs analogs of Old World cultures. In that case, this variety of maidenhair fern might be prized in fantasy Europe as indicative of the magical secrets of the mysterious South.
- As “ink fern,” it might readily be used as a magical writing implement, as a frond-wand for writing characters in the air.
Image Refs
[Img 02 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maidenhair_-_Chatswood_West.jpg ]
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| Adiantum capillus-veneris in Anento (Zaragoza, Spain). Own Work -- Balles2601. |
Names:
- Southern Maidenhair Fern
- Avenca [Portuguese]
- Avenca-Das-Fontes [Portuguese]
- Avenca-Dos-Poços [Portuguese]
- Black Maidenhair Fern
- Cabellera De Venus [Spanish]
- Capelvenere [Italian]
- Capillaire De Montpellier [French]
- Cheveux De Vénus [French]
- Ciumăfaie [Romanian]
- Columbine Fern
- Culantrillo [Spanish]
- Culantrillo De Pozo [Spanish]
- Doradilla [Spanish]
- Falso Culantrillo [Spanish]
- Frauenhaarfarn [German]
- Güzelce Otu [Turkish]
- Hansraj [Hindi]
- Iarba Ciutei [Romanian]
- Nookta [Arabic]
- Piantella [Italian]
- Prstnatec [Czech]
- Rueleaf Fern
- True Maidenhair
- Vrouwenhaar [Dutch]
- Walkingstick Fern
Distribution:
- Africa, Central: Chad
- Africa, Eastern: Comoros, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
- Africa, Northern: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
- Africa, Southern: Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa
- Africa, Western: Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal
- America, North: Canada (British Columbia), Mexico (Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest), United States (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia)
- America, South: Brazil (Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast), Chile (Chile Central, Chile North), Peru, Venezuela
- Asia, East: China (China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast), Japan, Korea, Taiwan
- Asia, South: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
- Asia, Southeast: Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (Malaya), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
- Asia, West: Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen
- Europe, Central: Switzerland
- Europe, Eastern: Bulgaria, Ukraine
- Europe, Southern: Albania, Greece (including Crete), Italy (including Sardinia, Sicily), Portugal, Spain (including Balearic Islands, Canary Islands)
- Europe, Western: England, France (including Corsica), Ireland
- Oceania: Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Society Islands, Tonga
Medical
We are not a medical website; do not take health advice from us.
Much of the medical use below comes from The Lost Book of Herbal Remedies.
According to Apelian and Davis, the leaves and rhizomes of this fern are useful as medicine because they are astringent, anti-tussive (cough suppressant), mild expectorant, mild diuretic, weak antibacterial, and reduce excess mucus. Their rhizomes are also loaded with antioxidants. According to the wiki entry, they are also mild emetic. Apelian and Davis especially recommend using the leaves to produce an infused syrup.
Inflammation
The Mahuna people consumed it
to treat rheumatism, and the Navajo used an infused lotion for insect bites
and stings.
Respiratory Issues
Maidenhair fern leaves to treat
coughs and mild respiratory problems, such as bronchitis, nasal congestion,
and sore throats. The infused syrup is suggested for this purpose.
Diuretic
As a diuretic, maidenhair fern
helps treat urinary issues, as well as breaking up stones (including
gallstones). Red mulberry maximizes this treatment.
GI Issues
Supposedly, it helps remove
toxins from the digestive tract and reduce GI inflammation.
Cardiovascular Health
In tincture or decoction, it
supposedly improves circulation and treats arteriosclerosis.
By extension, maidenhair fern is also said by our sources to shrink varicose veins and hemorrhoid piles and treat varicose ulcers.
Jaundice
In Iranian traditional
medicine, the fronds make an infusion to treat jaundice.
Mental Illness
The Navajo smoke this plant to
treat mental illness.
Compiler Notes
- While varicose veins may appear in young people, the risk increases as you age. Suppose something named “maidenhair” treats varicose veins. In that case, the obvious symbolic connotation is virgin renewal, which would make this fern useful in all manner of medicines, rites, and probably magically infused cosmetics or supplements. This single connection is sufficient support for going all-out on the symbolic associations of the common name.
Image Refs
[Img 03 - Adiantum capillus-veneris 2601 - Adiantum capillus-veneris - Wikipedia ]
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| Adiantum caudatum |
Names:
- Walking Maidenhair Fern
- Atiloppu [Tamil]
- Balatunchyung [Nepali]
- Beru Moti [Kannada]
- Buddhalila [Telugu]
- Chain Fern
- Climbing Maidenhair
- Hansraj [Hindi]
- Jembu Binnagun [Kannada]
- Kallu Jurli [Kannada]
- Kuri Baddada [Telugu]
- Mayurshikha [Bengali]
- Mayurshikha [Sanskrit]
- Oshadi [Sinhala]
- Pankali [Malayalam]
- Pronged Spleenwort
- Raat Rani [Urdu]
- Tailed Maidenhair Fern
- Trailing Maidenhair
Distribution:
- Asia, East: China (China South-Central, China Southeast), Taiwan
- Asia, South: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka
- Asia, Southeast: Cambodia, Indonesia (Borneo, Lesser Sunda Is.), Laos, Malaysia (Malaya), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
- Oceania: New Caledonia, New Guinea, Vanuatu
Compiler Notes
- Retained for name and distribution.
- The name “walking maiden” is too good not to use in love hexes designed to break apart couples before marriage.
- “Climbing fern” might be useful for spells related to improving climbing ability.
- “Chain fern” can be used in binding spells, cursing someone or compelling the obedience of spirits.
Image Refs
[Img 04 - https://indoor-plants.net/adiantum-caudatum/ ]
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| Adiantum hispidulum, Forest & Kim Starr. |
Names:
- Rough Maidenhair Fern
- Ano'i [Hawaiian]
- Cinco Dedos [Portuguese]
- Doradilla [Spanish]
- Five-Fingered Jack
- Footed Maidenhair
- Fukuju Shida [Japanese]
- Harsh Maidenhair
- Iwa'iwa [Hawaiian]
- Manienie'ula [Hawaiian]
- Rosy Maidenhair Fern
- Rough-Stalked Maidenhair
- Rude Maidenhair
- Ruwharig Venushaar [Dutch]
- Shi Zi Jue [Chinese]
- Shi-No-Bu [Japanese]
- Uluhe-Lau-Li'i [Hawaiian]
- Wu Zhi Jue [Chinese]
Distribution:
- Africa, Eastern: Comoros, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe
- Asia, East: China (China South-Central, China Southeast), Taiwan
- Asia, South: India, Sri Lanka
- Asia, Southeast: Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi), Malaysia (Malaya), Philippines, Thailand
- Oceania: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia), Caroline Islands, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kermadec Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand (New Zealand North), Norfolk Island, Society Islands, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tubuai Islands, Vanuatu
Compiler Notes
- Retained for name and distribution
- “Five-Fingered Jack” might be useful for improving stealth abilities, sleight of hand, and theft in reference to “five-finger discount.”
- “Rude maidenhair” might access the disjunction between “rude” and “maiden” to help identify an uncouth young woman as the target of the spell, or to curse her to uncouth behavior to incite the negative social consequences of such behavior.
Image Refs
[Img 05 - https://plantlust.com/plants/adiantum-hispidulum/images/1389/ ]
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| Adiantum reniforme var. sinense. 胡馬度. |
Names:
- Lotusleaf Maidenhair Fern
- Culantrilho Redondo [Portuguese]
- Culantrillo De Pozo Redondo [Spanish]
- Douro [Portuguese]
- Ene-Ene [Portuguese]
- Erva Do Regato [Portuguese]
- Kidney Fern
- Kidney Maidenhair Fern
- Kidney-Leaved Maidenhair Fern
- Kidney-Shaped Maidenhair
- Reniform Maidenhair Fern
- Round-Leaved Maidenhair
- Shen Zhuang Tie Xian Jue [Chinese]
- Yao Ye Tie Xian Jue [Chinese]
Distribution:
- Africa, Central: Chad
- Africa, Eastern: Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania
- Africa, Western: Cape Verde
- Europe, Southern: Spain (Canary Islands)
- Europe, Western: Portugal (Madeira)
Compiler Notes
- Retained for name and distribution
- Connect to [Lotus].
- The kidney shape would likely make it good for magical kidney treatment by virtue of sympathy.
Image Refs
[Img 06 - https://www.flickr.com/photos/53269962@N06/6725852687/ ]
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| Adiantum venustum in Germany. Own work -- Kembangraps. |
Names:
- Evergreen Maidenhair Fern
- Bhutali [Hindi]
- Black Hasraj
- Chhotdi [Nepali]
- Dainty Maidenhair Fern
- Dumtuli [Nepali]
- Graceful Maidenhair Fern
- Hansraj [Hindi]
- Himalayan Maidenhair Fern
- Kalijhant [Hindi]
- Sheng Mei Tie Xian Jue [Chinese]
- Venus Maidenhair Fern
Distribution:
- Asia, East: China (China North-Central, China South-Central)
- Asia, South: Afghanistan, India (Assam), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan
- Asia, Central: Tibet
Physical Description
Grows 15-25 cm tall and ~1m
wide, with soft green fronds that grow in a triangular shape, with numerous
segments and black stems. The plant spreads out in a mat. A hardy evergreen
fern that conditionally becomes deciduous when temperatures drop below -10
°C.
Medical
We are not a medical website; do not take health advice from us.
It treats colds, headaches, inflammation of the chest, and, according to the Wikipedia entry, “hydrophobia.”
Diuretic
Rhizome extract is a diuretic.
Diabetes
Rhizome extract is used to
treat diabetes.
Liver Health
Rhizome extract is used in the
treatment of liver problems.
Cancer Treatment
Some research suggests that a
tincture from the leaves is useful in controlling the spread of cancer.
Sedative
In lab testing, the tincture
has caused sedation, muscle relaxation, and even hypnosis in mice.
Rabies Treatment
We presume the “hydrophobia”
listed is an archaism for rabies. For another archaism, see [dog bite.]
Compiler Notes
- That the “evergreen maiden” grows on rocks with dead leaves is too poetic not to exploit.
- This plant treats “hydrophobia,” which obviously encompasses rabies and, by extension, lycanthropy. This could also set up antagonism between the “maiden” in “maidenhair” and the beast-vehicle for rabies, suggesting rapaciousness.
- “Hydrophobia” could be expanded in novel form, allowing things that do not mix with water to mix. This could include mixing water and oil, or, in a greater extreme, something like fire (such as a torch underwater) or stone (instant concrete from a solid stone).
- Cancer treatment suggestions could translate to other more metaphorical cancers, such as cultural or spiritual rot.
- Sedative properties could be used in swarm magic (related to its hypnotic effect on mice) or could make pests easier to catch. Further, this could hypothetically be employed on humans via mixing in the wine supply or, more abstractly, in suffumigation.
Image Refs
[Img 07 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum_venustum#/media/File:Adiantum_venustum.jpg ]
Genus: Pteris
Family: Pteridaceae
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| Pteris vittata - Argentinien/Argentina, Buenos Aires, San Telmo, Paseo Colón. Own work -- Franz Xaver |
Names:
- Brake
- Adlerfarn [German]
- Brake Fern
- Falguera [Catalan]
- Felce Aquilina [Italian]
- Feto [Portuguese]
- Fougère Aigle [French]
- Helecho Aguila [Spanish]
- Kilpjalg [Estonian]
- Kowaowao [Maori]
- Kupu-Kupu [Indonesian]
- Orlica [Polish]
- Ormbunke [Swedish]
- Orl [Czech]
- Paprade [Lithuanian]
- Pérák [Czech]
- Saniyo [Japanese]
- Sõnajalg [Estonian]
- Varen [Dutch]
- Warabi [Japanese]
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical cosmopolitan
Symbolism
Names Pteris for the Greek word
for the plant (“feathery”), this is a genus of approximately 300
species.
“Brake” is a Middle English word for “fern,” originating in south England. Thought to be related to “bracken,” which is believed to have been a plural of “brake,” though the etymology is unsure.
Compiler Notes
- There is an obvious linguistic play on the words “brake” the plant, “brake” the mechanism, and “break” the action.
Image Refs
[Img 08 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteris#/media/File:Pteris_vittata.jpg ]
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| Pteris multifida, Eric LHOTE |
Names:
- Spider Brake
- Chinese Brake
- Chinese Lace Fern
- Clawed Brake
- Enredadera de Jardín [Spanish]
- Fougère D'araignée [French]
- Helecho Araña [Spanish]
- Inoshishi-Shida [Japanese]
- Jie-Zhi-Jue [Chinese Pinyin]
- Ladder Brake
- Spider Fern
- Táo Xỉ Nhiều Khía [Vietnamese]
- Warabi-Dokoro [Japanese]
- Zhi-Zhi-Jue [Chinese Pinyin]
Distribution:
- Asia, East: China (China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast), Japan, Korea, Taiwan
- Asia, Southeast: Vietnam
Culture
Can control soil pollution.
Compiler Notes
- Retained primarily for the name.
- Useful for [spider-related] shenanigans.
Image Refs
[Img 09 - https://bee-paysage.fr/biblioplantes-fiche-plante.php?nomtaxon=Pteris%20multifida ]
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| Pteris vittata from Antalya, Turkey.Own work -- Meteorquake. |
Names:
- Chinese Brake
- Chinese Ladder Brake
- Escalera China [Spanish]
- Fougère échelle [French]
- Garudapadam [Malayalam]
- Guan Zhong Jue [Chinese Pinyin]
- Helecho Escalera [Spanish]
- Indian Brake Fern
- Kali Grass
- Ladder Brake
- Luo Ti Cao [Chinese]
- Pak Kut [Cantonese]
- Paku Wangi [Indonesian]
- Paku-Paku Laut [Malay]
- Ribbon Fern
- San-Shida [Japanese]
- Shi Wei [Chinese]
- Silver Fern
- Tae-Taeng-I [Korean]
- Tephrochlamys [Ancient Greek]
- Thach Vi [Vietnamese]
- Txiv-Qaum-Roob [Hmong]
Distribution:
- Africa, Central: Cameroon
- Africa, Eastern: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
- Africa, Northern: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
- Africa, Southern: Botswana, Eswatini, Namibia, South Africa
- Africa, Western: Cape Verde, Ghana
- Asia, East: China (China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast), Japan, Taiwan
- Asia, South: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
- Asia, Southeast: Cambodia, Indonesia (Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatera), Laos, Malaysia (Malaya), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
- Asia, West: Cyprus, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen
- Europe, Southern: Greece (including Crete), Italy (including Sicily), Spain
- Europe, Western: France
- Oceania: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia), Fiji, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu
Culture
It can control soil pollution,
specifically known as a hyper-accumulator of arsenic.
Compiler Notes
- Retained for name and distribution.
- “Brake” use of generic Pteris, along with any symbolic associations or turn of phrase associated with “ladder.”
- One could use this as a curse to hinder one's progress on the ladder of power or on the path of enlightenment.
- It may be an emblem of personal sacrifice, absorbing the abuse of the household or village to shield the next generation and leave them a better place to live.
- As “silver fern,” it could be used to substitute for silver in magical action against threats like lycanthropes.
Image Refs
[Img 10 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pteris_vittata_from_Antalya_city_in_Turkey_07.jpg ]
* * * * * * *
See Also:
- Plants
- Flowers
- Trees
- Ferns
- Moss and Lichen [Pending]
- Fungi [Pending]
- Cladistic Index
- Herbal Medicine [Pending]
- Resin, Incense, Balsam, and Lacquer [Pending]
* * * * * * *
-Apelian, Nicole, and Claude Davis. The Lost Book of Herbal Remedies : The Healing Power of Plant Medicine. 2021.
-Higley, Sarah L. (2007). Hildegard of Bingen’s Unknown Language: An Edition, Translation, and Discussion. Palgrave Macmillan.
-Roux, Jessica. Floriography: An Illustrated Guide to the Victorian Language of Flowers. Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2020.
-Skinner, Charles M. “Myths and Legends of Flowers, Trees, Fruits, and Plants : In All Ages and in All Climes : Skinner, Charles M. (Charles Montgomery), 1852-1907 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Co., 1 Jan. 1970, https://archive.org/details/mythslegendsoffl00skin.
(
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.28515530
)
(
https://powo.science.kew.org/
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum_aethiopicum
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum_capillus-veneris
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum_caudatum
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum_hispidulum
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum_reniforme
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum_venustum
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridaceae
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteris
)
(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteris_vittata
)
Name assistance provided by Claude 3.5 Sonnet.
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